Abstract The objective of this work is to achieve significant learning and its better understanding by students who are studying Chemical Kinetics and Reactor Design Principles. Using the Excel solver as a didactic tool, it presents the analytical solution to the system of equations generated to determine the optimal size of CSTR reactors that operate in series in an isothermal and isobaric way. The procedure involves knowing the intermediate conversion achieved by each reactor to determine the optimal volume of each unit, which is described by the method of maximizing the area of rectangles on the Levenspiel curve, which is extrapolabled “n” reactor units, unlike the graphical method that is iterative and only practical up to three units.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo es ayudar en la obtención de aprendizajes significativos y mejor comprensión por parte de los estudiantes que cursan Cinética Química y Principios de Diseño de Reactores. Utilizando el solver de Excel como herramienta didáctica, se presenta la solución analítica al sistema de ecuaciones generadas para determinar el tamaño óptimo de reactores CSTR que operan en serie de manera isotérmica e isobárica. El procedimiento involucra conocer la conversión intermedia lograda por cada reactor para determinar del volumen óptimo de cada unidad, el cual es descrito por el método de la maximización del área de rectángulos sobre la curva de Levenspiel, la cual es extrapolable “n” unidades de reactores, a diferencia del método gráfico que es iterativo y solamente práctico hasta tres unidades.

Abstract With the aim of improving the teaching-learning of the periodic table in students with visual impairment for educational inclusion, two case studies are presented with students of the upper secondary level. In the first case study the strategy was conducted online and in the second it was face-to-face. Accessible format materials were used to explain the subject of periodic table and its properties, as well as models of the periodic table with textures and Braille code. Finally, a questionnaire was applied and the results of this indicated that the students managed to recognize and understand the distribution of the elements in the periodic table, as well as the periodic properties: atomic radius, electronegativity and ionization potential. Due to the results obtained and the comments of the students, this strategy was successful in both cases and can be applied in students with visual disabilities to contribute to educational inclusion.

Resumen Con el objetivo de mejorar la enseñanza aprendizaje de la tabla periódica en estudiantes con discapacidad visual para la inclusión educativa, se presentan dos estudios de caso con estudiantes del nivel medio superior. En el primer estudio de caso la estrategia se realizó en línea y en el segundo fue presencial. Se utilizaron materiales con formato accesible para explicar el tema de tabla periódica y sus propiedades, además de maquetas de la tabla periódica con texturas y código Braille. Finalmente, se aplicó un cuestionario y los resultados de este indicaron que las estudiantes lograron reconocer y comprender la distribución de los elementos en la tabla periódica, así como las propiedades periódicas: radio atómico, electronegatividad y potencial de ionización. Por los resultados obtenidos y los comentarios de las estudiantes esta estrategia resultó exitosa en ambos casos y puede ser aplicada en estudiantes con discapacidad visual para contribuir a la inclusión educativa.

RESUMEN Introducción. El suicidio es un problema clave de salud pública. La situación de privación de libertad es un riesgo aumentado para el suicidio. Hay un aumento de la prevalencia de depresión dentro de las prisiones y su identificación y tratamiento disminuye el riesgo. Objetivo. Determinar el riesgo de suicidio y depresión en mujeres privadas de libertad en una correccional. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal de una muestra por conveniencia de mujeres de una correccional de mujeres en Paraguay. Se utilizó un cuestionario socio-demográfico, la Escala de Suicidio de Plutchik, y el Inventario de Depresión de Beck, previa firma de consentimiento informado que explicó los objetivos del estudio y la participación voluntaria y anónima. Se analizó los datos con el paquete estadístico SPSS versión 15.0. Resultados. Participaron del estudio 108 mujeres entre 20 a 70 años de edad (media: 38 ± 12), 25,9% (n=28) alcanzó escolaridad secundaria completa u universitaria (12%). El 76,8% tenía entre 1 a 5 años de privación de libertad. El 38 % (41) del grupo tenía depresión; 36,1% (n=39) presentó riesgo suicida, 25,9% (n=28) riesgo leve, 7,4% (n=8) riesgo moderado y 2,8% (n=3) riesgo grave. Se encontró asociación altamente significativa entre la presencia de depresión y riesgo suicida (OR: 4,89 IC95% 2,1-11,4). El porcentaje de riesgo suicida fue mayor al de la población general y a cifras arrojadas por otros estudios similares en centros penitenciarios en américa latina.

ABSTRACT IntroductionSuicide is a key public health problem. The situation of deprivation of liberty is an increased risk for suicide. There is an increased prevalence of depression within prisons and its identification and treatment decreases the risk. Objective. To determine the risk of suicide and depression in women deprived of liberty in a correctional facility. Methodology. Descriptive cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of women from a women's correctional facility in Paraguay. A socio-demographic questionnaire, the Plutchik Suicide Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used, after signing an informed consent that explained the objectives of the study and voluntary and anonymous participation. The data was analyzed with the statistical package SPSS version 15.0. Results. A total of 108 women between 20 and 70 years of age (mean: 38 ± 12) participated in the study, 25.9% (n=28) completed secondary or university education (12%). 76.8% had between 1 and 5 years of deprivation of liberty. 38% (41) of the group had depression; 36.1% (n=39) presented suicidal risk, 25.9% (n=28) mild risk, 7.4% (n=8) moderate risk, and 2.8% (n=3) severe risk. A highly significant association was found between the presence of depression and suicidal risk (OR: 4.89 CI95% 2.1-11.4). The percentage of suicidal risk was higher than that of the general population and figures reported by other similar studies in penitentiary centers in Latin America.

Resumen En la enseñanza de la Química, en el Nivel Medio Superior, se ha encontrado que, durante el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje de la nomenclatura química inorgánica, los estudiantes tienden a memorizar los contenidos y no adquieren aprendizajes significativos. En este trabajo se hace una propuesta de aprendizaje basado en juegos acerca de la nomenclatura química de sales binarias. El material lúdico desarrollado consistió en utilizar como base el cubo Rubik, en su versión estándar, al que se le colocaron pegatinas con la representación simbólica de diversas sales binarias, así como los nombres en nomenclatura tradicional, Stock y IUPAC. Esta herramienta didáctica se denominó cubo RUBIQUIM. La herramienta se utilizó en tres grupos del nivel medio superior, en donde los estudiantes resolvieron el cubo RUBIQUIM. Para determinar el impacto del material lúdico, se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas de N1 a N3, de acuerdo con la taxonomía de Bloom, y se determinó el índice de Hake. Los grupos en los que se aplicó el aprendizaje basado en juegos mostraron un mejor rendimiento académico y un mayor aprendizaje cognitivo que el grupo control. El índice de Hake de 0.56, en las preguntas de N2 y N3, indica la eficacia del aprendizaje interactivo.

Abstract In the teaching of Chemistry, in the Upper Middle Level, it has been found that, during the process of teaching and learning the inorganic chemical nomenclature, students tend to memorize the contents and do not acquire significant learning. In this paper, a proposal for game -based learning about the chemical nomenclature of binary salts is made. The playful material developed consisted of using as a base the Rubik’s cube, in its standard version, to which stickers were placed with the symbolic representation of various binary salts, as well as the names in traditional nomenclature, Stock and IUPAC. This didactic tool was called the RUBIQUIM cube. The tool was used in three groups of the upper secondary level, where the students solved the RUBIQUIM cube. To determine the impact of the playful material, a questionnaire was applied with questions from N1 to N3, according to Bloom’s taxonomy, and the Hake index was determined. The groups in which game-based learning was applied showed better academic performance and greater cognitive learning than the control group. The Hake index of 0.56, in the N2 and N3 questions, indicates the effectiveness of interactive learning.

Abstract This qualitative study aimed to analyze from the perspective of intervention bioethics, the motivations for migration in Venezuelans residing in the city of Medellín-Colombia. Twenty people were interviewed, being 9 men and 11 women. The collected data was processed through the IRAMUTEQ software. The thematic axes that resulted from the analysis of the interviews; the first thematic axis, access to health services in Venezuela and Colombia; the second thematic axis, access to medicines and food; the third and last axis, the migratory process for Colombia, it served as references that dialogue with the selected bioethical perspective. In conclusion, food and health have a preponderant role in the lives of people, as essential human rights, the role of States is reinforced in promoting policies that guarantee civil, economic, social and cultures rigths of migrants.

Resumen Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo analizar, desde la perspectiva de la bioética de intervención, las motivaciones de la migración de venezolanos que residen en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Se entrevistaron a 20 personas, de las cuales 9 son hombres y 11 mujeres, y los datos recolectados se procesaron en el software IRAMUTEQ. Los ejes que resultaron del análisis de las entrevistas fueron: 1) acceso a los servicios de salud en Venezuela y Colombia; 2) acceso a los medicamentos y alimentos; y 3) proceso migratorio para Colombia, que sirvieron como referentes que dialogan con la perspectiva bioética de intervención. En conclusión, la alimentación y la salud tienen un papel preponderante en la vida de los sujetos como derechos humanos de primera necesidad, y se refuerza el papel del Estado en la promoción de políticas que garanticen los derechos civiles, económicos, sociales y culturales a los migrantes.

Resumo Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo analisar, na perspectiva da bioética de intervenção, as motivações para a migração de venezuelanos residentes na cidade de Medellín, Colômbia. Foram entrevistadas 20 pessoas, sendo nove homens e 11 mulheres, e os dados coletados foram processados por meio do software Iramuteq. Os eixos que resultaram da análise das entrevistas foram: 1) acesso aos serviços de saúde na Venezuela e na Colômbia; 2) acesso a medicamentos e alimentação; e 3) processo migratório para a Colômbia, que serviram de referencial que dialoga com a perspectiva bioética de intervenção. Em conclusão, a alimentação e a saúde têm um papel preponderante na vida dos sujeitos como direitos humanos básicos, sendo papel do Estado promover políticas que garantam os direitos civis, econômicos, sociais e culturais aos migrantes.

ABSTRACT Teaching in the university environment is marked by the need to adjust to the vertiginous changes that the environment is undergoing, the teacher must become, with an increasingly relevant character, a creative and innovative professional. The purpose of this research was to diagnose the perception of the use of learning and knowledge technologies and formative evaluation. The selected population were the students of the sixth cycle of the faculty of education of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru. To this end, statistical techniques and instruments were used to conclude that there is a lack of knowledge on the part of the students surveyed with respect to the topic in question. The causes that provoke this situation were analyzed and actions were proposed to mitigate them.

RESUMEN La enseñanza en el ámbito universitario se encuentra marcada por la necesidad de ajustarse a los cambios vertiginosos que sufre el entorno, el profesor debe convertirse, con un carácter cada vez más pertinente, en un profesional creativo e innovador. La presente investigación tuvo por finalidad diagnosticar la percepción en la utilización de las tecnologías del aprendizaje y conocimiento y la evaluación formativa. La población seleccionada fueron los estudiantes del sexto ciclo de la facultad de educación de la universidad nacional mayor de San Marcos, Perú. Para tal fin se emplearon técnicas e instrumentos estadísticos que permitieron concluir que existe desconocimiento por parte de los estudiantes encuestados con respecto al tema tratado. Se analizaron las causas que provocan esta situación y se proponen acciones en función de atenuarlas.

ABSTRACT Background: American tegumentary leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease known for being difficult to treat; therefore, the search for more effective therapeutic methods is necessary. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of silver complexes [Ag(PTA)4]BF4 (Ag1) and [Ag(HBPz3)(PPh3)] (Ag2) against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis [L. (L.) amazonensis] and Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. Methods: In vitro bioassays were performed to evaluate the activity of the complexes against promastigote and amastigote forms and evaluate their cytotoxicity. In vivo experiments were performed with hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected and treated topically with two gels containing each metallic complex. Results: Both complexes reduced the number of viable parasites against the promastigote forms of L. (L.) amazonensis. Ag2 was mainly effective against the amastigote forms. The Ag2 complex did not present cellular cytotoxicity, and regarding the selectivity index, both complexes were considered acceptable, with Ag2 having the best selectivity index in murine peritoneal macrophages in relation to L. (L.) amazonensis. Ag2 showed better results in the topical treatment against infections caused by L. (L.) amazonensis, with a small reduction in the lesion volume after the 14th day of treatment and less parasitic load at the lesion site. Conclusions: Ag2 was more effective than Ag1 against L. (L.) amazonensis.

Abstract Depression plays an important role in non-adherence to medical recommendations. Fluoxetine is a first line of depression treatment. This study aimed to evaluate adherence to drug therapy in fluoxetine users by different methods. A cross-section study was conducted with 53 depressed patients on fluoxetine for at least six months. Drug therapy adherence was assessed by validated questionnaires [Brief Medication Questionnaire (BMQ) and Morisky-Green test (MG)] and by the blood concentration of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine. Blood samples were taken before the daily first dose of fluoxetine. The plasmatic concentration of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine indicated that 58.5% volunteers were within the recommended therapeutic range and thus considered adherent to drug therapy. However, questionnaires indicated a non-adherent majority: 41.5% patients had a high degree of adherence in MG and only 13.2% were adherent to pharmacological treatment in BMQ. Most fluoxetine users showed a plasma concentration of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine within the therapeutic range, despite the low adherence to the drug therapy evaluated by the questionnaires. Thus, we suggest that plasma levels of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine could be used as the main method to check adherence to treatment.

ABSTRACT The management of water resources is a priority on the agenda of the United Nations. Three vectors are essential, quantity, quality, and climate change scenarios in water resources. In the central region of Tamaulipas, México, the fluvial network of the Soto la Marina river watershed stands out, with the Corona, Purificación and Pilón rivers as the main tributaries. In this region there are significant volumes of wastewater and other discharges that put the conditions of the water system at risk, particularly of the Vicente Guerrero dam. The objective of this work was to develop a hydrological model of water availability and quality of the Soto la Marina river watershed (CRSLM) that considers climate change through the regionalization of two global circulation models, which are the closest to the latitude in which the watershed is located (GFDL-CM3 and HAGDGEM2-ES), using two representative concentration routes (RCP): 4.5 and 8.5 with projection to the year 2100, with the purpose of analyzing the watershed behavior, in order to simulate water vulnerability. The quality of the spatial-temporal system was evaluated: floods and droughts, by determining the biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen and dissolved oxygen demand, as well as temperature, in 15 sites of the Soto la Marina river watershed, with modeling of the abatement of dissolved oxygen. Vectors for hydrology, monitoring and water quality were developed. The concentrations of the measured pollutants showed an increase in the Vicente Guerrero dam, although their seasonal behavior was more sensitive in low water levels than in floods. In the simulations with the WEAP built model with climate change scenarios, more conservative results were predicted in the dry season than in the rainfall season, with the RCP 4.5 W / m2 for the GFDLCM3 model being the most adverse projection.

RESUMEN La gestión del recurso hídrico es prioritaria en la agenda de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Tres vectores son esenciales, cantidad, calidad y escenarios del cambio climático en el recurso hídrico. En la región centro de Tamaulipas, México, destaca la red fluvial de la cuenca del río Soto la Marina, con los ríos Corona, Purificación y Pilón, como principales tributarios. En esta región existen importantes volúmenes de aguas residuales y otros vertimientos que ponen en riesgo las condiciones del sistema hídrico, particularmente de la presa Vicente Guerrero. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un modelo hidrológico de disponibilidad y calidad del agua de la cuenca del río Soto la Marina (CRSLM) que considere el cambio climático mediante la regionalización de dos modelos de circulación global, los cuales son los más cercanos a la latitud en que se encuentra la cuenca (GFDL-CM3 y HAGDGEM2-ES), usando dos vías de concentración representativas (RCP): 4.5 y 8.5 con proyección al año 2100, con el propósito de analizar el comportamiento de la cuenca, a efecto de simular la vulnerabilidad hídrica. Se evaluó la calidad del sistema espacio-temporal: avenidas y sequías, mediante la determinación de demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, demanda química de oxígeno y oxígeno disuelto, además de temperatura, en 15 sitios de la cuenca del río Soto la Marina, con modelado del abatimiento del oxígeno disuelto. Se elaboraron vectores de hidrología, monitoreo y calidad del agua. Las concentraciones de los contaminantes valorados presentaron un incremento en la presa Vicente Guerrero, aunque su comportamiento estacional fue más sensible en estiaje que en avenidas. En las simulaciones con el modelo construido WEAP con escenarios de cambio climático se predijeron resultados más conservadores en período de estiaje que en época de avenidas, siendo el RCP 4.5 W/m2 para el modelo el GFDL-CM3 la proyección más adversa.

In this work, a method for food dyes determination in fibrous fruit pulps was developed. The analytes Tartrazine, Twilight Yellow FCF, Erythrosine, Orange G and Allura Red were analyzed by reverse phase chromatography with diode array (DAD) detection. The sample preparation consisted of a simple procedure, based on initial pH adjustment of the sample (pH = 10.0), followed by an extraction with acetonitrile (5.0 mL and agitation for 30 s), ultrasonic (5 min) and centrifugation (4000 rpm, 20 ºC, for 20 min). The supernatant had its pH adjusted to 3.0, followed by filtration. The method was validated, with the analytical curves prepared in a matrix, in the range of 50to150mg kg-1 for all the analytes studied (determination coefficients (R2) > 0.99). The method veracity was evaluated in terms of recovery, obtaining recoveries of 93-110%. The repeatability was less than 13.7%, while the intermediate precision was less than 19.0%. The limits of detection and quantification were determined, being 15 and 30 mg kg-1, respectively. The combined relative uncertainties were less than 13.8%. Therefore, it can be concluded that a simple method was developed, suitable for monitoring the presence of dyes in fruit pulps in routine analyzes.

Resumo Este estudo de caso visou caracterizar a organização do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF) em quatro estados, de diferentes regiões do país. A coleta de dados foi realizada junto a representantes da gestão do CEAF, os quais responderam um questionário com 20 perguntas sobre: abrangência, organização, financiamento, barreiras e facilitadores. Essas informações foram complementadas com dados de inquéritos nacionais de saúde, do DataSUS, os valores investidos e indicadores socioeconômicos. Observaram-se diferenças entre os estados em questões como a proporção de usuários e a descentralização dos serviços. Estas características parecem estar relacionadas com o grau de desenvolvimento em termos dos indicadores socioeconômicos utilizados. Destacaram-se avanços no acesso a medicamentos, apesar das dificuldades para o cumprimento dos objetivos do CEAF, como a insuficiência de recursos, de qualificação da força de trabalho e da oferta de consultas e exames necessários. Os resultados indicam avanços, diferentes formas de organização e destacam a necessidade de estudos mais aprofundados relativos aos resultados clínicos e econômicos alcançados, como uma estratégia para traçar soluções para o atendimento integral e equânime dos usuários.

Abstract This case study aimed to characterize the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Services (CEAF) organization in four Brazilian states from diverse regions of the country. Data were collected with representatives of CEAF management from states in different regions, who answered a 21-question questionnaire on scope, organization, financing, hurdles, and facilitators. This information was complemented with data from national health surveys, DataSUS, the applied resources, and socioeconomic indicators. Differences were observed between states on issues such as the proportion of users and the decentralization of services. These characteristics seem to be related to the level of development concerning the socioeconomic indicators used. Advances in access to medicines were highlighted, despite the difficulties complying with the CEAF’s objectives, such as insufficient resources, the qualification of human resources, and the provision of necessary visits and exams. The results point to advances, different forms of organization and highlight the need for more in-depth studies on the clinical and economic outcomes achieved as a strategy to outline solutions to achieve the comprehensive and equal care for users.

RESUMO A leishmaniose cutânea é uma doença causada por protozoários do gênero Leishmania e, atualmente, o tratamento de primeira escolha é o antimoniato de meglumina. Porém, devido à sua eficácia limitada e alta toxicidade, é necessário buscar novos princípios ativos para o tratamento da leishmaniose. Os complexos metálicos vêm ganhando importância devido à sua eficácia e baixa toxicidade. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade leishmanicida in vitro e in vivo do complexo hipotóxico de cobre(I) [HB(pz)3]Cu(PCN). Quatro espécies dermotrópicas de Leishmania foram testadas com o complexo metálico e sua eficácia foi determinada através da viabilidade parasitária e taxa de infectividade, e a citotoxicidade foi determinada com um corante redox (resazurina). Para os testes in vivo, hamsters foram infectados e as lesões foram tratadas com uma pomada formulada contendo o complexo. A eficácia foi avaliada medindo o diâmetro do inóculo/focinho e determinando a carga parasitária. Os resultados demonstraram toxicidade moderada em macrófagos murinos e monócitos humanos e melhor eficácia em Leishmania (V.) braziliensis quando comparada às demais espécies testadas, com redução de 50% na viabilidade das formas promastigotas e amastigotas (in vitro). Os dados gerais do tratamento tópico diário por até 30 dias mostraram baixa eficácia na redução das lesões, e nenhuma cura clínica e parasitológica foi observada nos animais experimentais. Portanto, o complexo [HB(pz)3]Cu(PCN) mostrou-se promissor em estudos in vitro contra L. (V.) braziliensis, devendo ser empregado em novas formulações e novos esquemas de tratamento experimental.

ABSTRACT Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and, currently, the treatment of first choice is meglumine antimoniate. However, due to its limited effectiveness and high toxicity, it is necessary to seek new active principles for leishmaniasis treatment. Metal complexes are gaining importance due to their effectiveness and low toxicity. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity of the hypotoxic copper(I) complex [HB(pz)3]Cu(PCN). Four dermotropic species of Leishmania were tested with the metal complex and its effectiveness was determined through parasitic viability and infectivity rate, and cytotoxicity was determined using a redox dye (resazurin). For the in vivo tests, hamsters were infected and the lesions treated with a formulated ointment containing the complex, the effectiveness of which was assessed by measuring the diameter of the inoculum/snout location and determining the parasitic load. The results demonstrated moderate toxicity in murine macrophages and human monocytes and better efficacy in Leishmania (V.) braziliensis when compared to the other species tested, with a 50% reduction in the viability of promastigote and amastigote forms (in vitro). General data from daily topical treatment for up to 30 days showed low efficacy for reducing lesions, and no clinical and parasitological cure was observed in the experimental animals. Thus, the [HB(pz)3]Cu(PCN) complex proved to be promising in in vitro studies against L. (V.) braziliensis, and should be further tested in new formulations and new experimental treatment schemes.

ABSTRACT Today, there is a continuing need to train research teachers with a high level of social responsibility and commitment to their environment. The generation and production of knowledge through research and educational practice are necessary to complement such training. The objective of this work is to determine the level of association between research competencies and research teacher training at the Universidad Nacional Enrique Guzmán y Valle de Perú. In order to fulfill this purpose, a descriptive, explanatory, qualitative and quantitative research was designed. Among the data collection techniques used were visual observation, documentary review, interviews and questionnaire. The statistical reliability test of the instrument developed, validity is demonstrated through expert judgment and reliability through Cronbach's alpha (0.791); descriptive statistics for the analysis of the variables involved; inferential statistics for the correlation of variables and frequency distribution.

RESUMEN Hoy día, surge continúa la necesidad de formar docentes investigadores con una alta responsabilidad social y compromiso con su entorno. La generación y producción de conocimiento por medio de la investigación y la práctica educativa resultan necesarias para complementar dicha formación. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo determinar el nivel de asociación entre competencias investigativas y formación del docente investigador en la Universidad Nacional Enrique Guzmán y Valle de Perú. Para cumplir con este propósito se diseña una investigación de carácter descriptiva, explicativa, cualitativa y cuantitativa. Ente las técnicas para la recolección de los datos empleadas se recurrió a la observación visual, la revisión documental, las entrevistas y el cuestionario. La prueba de confiabilidad estadística del instrumento desarrollado, la validez se demuestra a través del juicio de expertos y la fiabilidad a través del alfa de Cronbach (0,791); estadística descriptiva para el análisis de las variables implicadas; estadística inferencial para la correlación de variables y distribución de frecuencias.

Abstract Antisocial behaviors that persist during adolescence may imply a progressive social imbalance for the individual. Educational and psychosocial intervention in these adolescents requires a high specialization, since when the violation of the law is presented as a persistent pattern of behavior it would be associated with a disadvantaged family, school and social environment where the adolescent experiences difficulties in solving basic needs and seeks alternative ways of coping with life events, adapting to particular contexts, which can often be more reinforcing, ignoring the general social context. This persistent group presents a lot of heterogeneity both in psychological aspects and in criminal behavior, observing different criminal trajectories that require different types of intervention, which further complicates the work of the intervention teams. The trajectories observed in men and of increasing complexity would be: (a) determined by contextual risk factors; (b) adolescents with stories of violation of rights and abandonments; (c) adolescents with traumatic situations in their lives, disruptive behaviors and disorganized functioning; (d) adolescents socialized in criminogenic contexts with stories of rape in them, leading them to an antisocial functioning focused on their personal well-being; (d) adolescents socialized in criminogenic contexts, seeking to validate themselves socially, strengthening their personal identity through countercultural behaviors (Alarcón, et al., 2012). Through a case control design, we seek to identify the specialized skills to which a training program for intervention in adolescent social maladjustment must respond. Eight professionals who participated in a specialized training process (cases) and eight professionals without training (controls) were interviewed. From the content analysis, seven macro competences were validated before a group of experts: (a) Develop a comprehensive, informed and coherent framework on the process of social maladjustment of adolescents and their context of focus; (b) Design and develop an evaluation process of the adolescent of attention; (c) Intervene with the adolescent; (d) Evidence of ethical behavior in the intervention; (e) Develop the constant self-knowledge of the intervener; (f) Promote and develop a helping relationship with the adolescent, and (g) Exhibiting behaviors and skills that promote teamwork. The results confirm specialized competences that emphasize a differentiated vision of the adolescent and the work team as a source of validation in decision making. Similarly, those with training highlight skills related to knowledge, a prospective perspective and know-how; while those who have not received training highlight the attitudes associated with knowing how to be. The need to evaluate the specialization of professional teams that intervene with adolescents who violate the law is discussed, facilitating the development of knowledge, abilities and skills, without neglecting the development of reflective attitudes in the training processes of each professional and within the teams, to promote continuous improvement. As limitations of this study, it is considered that the participants were officials who participated in a training process (cases) and other officials from institutions with similar demographic characteristics but without systematic training (controls); This involved accessing professionals between the ages of 30 and 45, not being able to know the perspective of those under 30 or over 45, or service personnel who share daily with adolescents, being able to link up and influence their changes. As challenges for future research, it is necessary to have indicators to verify competence and observe it with respect to its adjustment with the distinctive characteristics of adolescents. Along with this, the need to observe in greater detail the possibilities of educational and psychosocial intervention in family, school and community contexts that are estimated to involve eventual crisis scenarios for adolescents at the time of reintegration is observed. The above to effectively promote interventions that allow adolescents to exercise their role as citizens.

Resumen Los comportamientos antisociales que persisten durante la adolescencia, pueden implicar para el individuo un progresivo proceso de desadaptación social, por el cual los adolescentes van progresivamente alejándose de las normas de sus contextos sociales. La intervención educativa y psicosocial en desadaptación social adolescente requiere de una alta especialización, sin embargo, trabajadores sociales, psicólogos y educadores señalan no contar con competencias claras para hacer eficaces sus intervenciones. Mediante un diseño de casos y controles, se buscó identificar las competencias especializadas a las que debiese responder un programa de formación para la intervención en desadaptación social adolescente. Se entrevistó a ocho profesionales del ámbito psico-socio-educativo que participaron de un proceso de formación especializada (casos) y ocho profesionales sin la formación (controles). Emergieron siete macrocompetencias, validadas ante grupo de expertos: (a) Desarrollar un marco integral, informado y coherente sobre el proceso de inadaptación social de los adolescentes y su contexto de enfoque; (b) Diseñar y desarrollar un proceso de evaluación del / la adolescente de atención; (c) Intervenir con el adolescente; (d) Evidencia de comportamiento ético en la intervención; (e) Desarrollar el autoconocimiento constante del interviniente; (f) Promover y desarrollar una relación de ayuda con el adolescente, y (g) Exhibir comportamientos y habilidades que favorecen el trabajo en equipo. Quienes tienen formación destacan las competencias relacionadas a los conocimientos, una mirada prospectiva y el saber hacer, mientras que quienes no han recibido formación destacan el saber ser. Se discute respecto a la necesidad de enfatizar el saber ser en los procesos de formación.

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo indagar sobre el conocimiento, las características y la utilidad de la técnica de perfilación criminológica dentro de una muestra de actores judiciales en Colombia, quienes, por sus funciones profesionales en la investigación criminal, se encontraban en posibilidad de aplicar la técnica. La metodología incluyó la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas a 155 funcionarios pertenecientes a las principales instituciones de administración de justicia colombiana (Fiscalía, Policía Nacional, Defensoría del Pueblo, Instituto Nacional Penitenciario y Carcelario, y miembros de la rama judicial). Entre los resultados se encuentra que los actores judiciales consideran útil la técnica por la noción de cientificidad que tienen sobre ella. Asimismo, aunque se percibe útil, es poco usada debido al desconocimiento general derivado del poco entrenamiento recibido para su ejecución. Estos resultados se discuten frente a la historia reciente del estudio en materia criminológica en el país, la formación de sus profesionales y las brechas entre la investigación académica y su uso en la práctica de investigación criminal. Se concluye que la técnica en el contexto colombiano está aún en desarrollo, actualmente cuenta con algunas guías y protocolos al interior de cada institución y requiere de mayores ejercicios de evaluación de impacto y análisis exhaustivos de su relevancia y cientificidad.

Abstract This research study's objective was to explore the knowledge, characteristics and usefulness of the criminal profiling technique within a sample of judicial actors in Colombia who, due to their professional functions in criminal investigations, could possibly apply the technique. The methodology included performing semi-structured interviews on 155 officials belonging to Colombia's main institutions for the administration of justice (Prosecutor's Office, National Police, Ombudsman's Office, National Penitentiary and Prison Institute, and members of the judicial branch). Among the results, it was observed that judicial actors consider the technique useful due to the scientific notion they have regarding it. Furthermore, although it is perceived as being useful, it is seldom used because of a general lack of knowledge derived from scant training for its execution. These results are discussed in light of the recent criminological study carried out in the country, its professionals' education and the gaps in academic research and its use in criminal investigations. It was concluded that the technique is still being developed in the Colombian context. It currently have some guides and protocols within each institution, and requires more impact assessments and comprehensive analyses regarding its relevance and scientific nature.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi indagar sobre o conhecimento, as características e a utilidade da técnica de perfil criminológico dentro de uma amostra de atores judiciais na Colômbia que, devido às suas funções profissionais na investigação criminal, são capazes de aplicar a técnica. A metodologia incluiu a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 155 funcionários pertencentes às principais instituições de administração de justiça colombiana (Procuradoria, Polícia Nacional, Defensoria do povo, Instituto Nacional Penitenciário e Carcerário, e membros do poder judiciário). Entre os resultados, encontra-se que os atores judiciais consideram a técnica útil devido à noção de cientificidade que possuem sobre ela. Da mesma forma, embora seja percebida como útil, é pouco utilizada por causa do desconhecimento geral derivado do pouco treinamento recebido para sua execução. Esses resultados são discutidos à luz da história recente do estudo da criminologia no país, da formação de seus profissionais e as brechas entre a pesquisa acadêmica e sua utilização na prática da investigação criminal. Conclui-se que a técnica, no contexto colombiano, ainda está em desenvolvimento. Atualmente possui alguns guias e protocolos dentro de cada instituição e requer maiores exercícios de avaliação de impacto e análise exaustiva de sua relevância e cientificidade.